Open space in urban areas is very rare and new infrastructure is increasingly constructed in the subsurface. These constructions may temporarily affect urban groundwater systems during construction and permanently after completion. As regards these impacts together with ancient contaminated industrial sites, particular focus was placed on determining the data required to understand changes affecting groundwater flow and transport. The extended knowledge of groundwater flow regimes could lead to reducing and minimizing, as far as possible, the negative impacts throughout the construction phases, and to developing sustainable groundwater use and management tools.