The cancer risks (CR) by oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure of trihalomethanes (THM) from tap water
of ten districts in Fortaleza, Brazil were estimated. The mean levels of THM compounds were obtained in Fortaleza tap water
as follow: 63.9 μg L
−1 for chloroform (CHCl
3), 40.0 μg L
−1 for bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl
2), and 15.6 μg L
−1 for dibromochloromethane (CHBr
2Cl). Bromoform (CHBr
3) was not detected. The mean CR for THMs in tap water is 3.96 × 10
−4. The results indicate that Fortaleza residents have a higher CR by inhalation than dermal absorption and oral ingestion.
The CR for CHCl
3 contributes with 68% as compared with the total CR, followed by CHBrCl
2 (21%), and CHBr
2Cl (11%). The hazard index (HI) is about ten times lower than unity, not indicating non-cancer effects.
Keywords Multi-pathway - Tap water - Disinfection by-products - Risk assessment - Trihalomethanes