(1) The present study was designed to investigate whether histamine is involved in the protective effect of carnosine on Aβ42-induced impairment in differentiated PC12 cells. (2) PC12 cells were exposed to Aβ42 (5 μM) for 24 h after carnosine (5 mM) applied for 18 h. Histamine receptor antagonists (diphenhydramine, zolantidine, thioperamide, clobenpropit) or histidine decarboxylase inhibitor (α-fluoromethylhistidine) were added 15 min before carnosine. Cell viability, glutamate release or cell surface expression of NMDA receptor was examined. (3) Aβ42 caused a concentration-dependent reduction of viability in PC12 cells and pretreatment with carnosine ameliorated this impairment. This amelioration was reversed by the H₃ receptor antagonists thioperamide and clobenpropit, but not by either the H₁ receptor antagonist diphenhydramine or the H₂ receptor antagonist zolantidine. Further, α-fluoromethylhistidine, an irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, also had no effect. In the presence of Aβ42, carnosine significantly decreased glutamate release and carnosine increased the surface expression of NMDA receptor. (4) These results indicate that the mechanism by which carnosine attenuates Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity is independent of the carnosine–histidine–histamine pathway, but may act through regulation of glutamate release and NMDA receptor trafficking.