Elevated levels of serum antibodies to neurofilament proteins have been associated with a variety of neurological diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as neuropathy with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). The pathological significance of anti-neurofilament antibodies in sera of affected patients, however, remains unclear. In this study, we report our findings of polyclonal antibodies in sera from 4 of 16 IgG MGUS neuropathy patients that react strongly on immunoblot with a high molecular weight neurofilament protein (NFH). The effect of anti-NFH polyclonal antibody on peripheral nerve function was tested in vivo by intraneural injection. Sera containing anti-NFH antibody, but not sera from age-matched control subjects, injected into the endoneurium of rat sciatic nerve significantly attenuated proximal-evoked motor nerve compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes in a complement-dependent manner. In contrast, ankle-evoked CMAP amplitudes were unaffected by intraneural injection of sera containing anti-NFH antibody. Anti-NFH serum-injected nerves showed changes in both axon caliber (shrinkage) and myelin ultrastructure (vesiculation and ovoid formation), suggestive of intramyelinic edema. Preincubation of sera containing anti-NFH antibody with purified NFH protein abolished immunoreactivity to NFH protein and neutralized the serum-mediated toxicity. The data suggest that anti-NFH polyclonal antibodies occurring in sera of some patients with IgG MGUS neuropathy may elicit peripheral nerve conduction block independent of the patients' IgG paraprotein. Anti-neural polyclonal antibodies in sera of IgG MGUS neuropathy patients may have a greater pathological significance than previously anticipated.