When labeled examples are not readily available, active learning and transfer learning are separate efforts to obtain labeled
examples for inductive learning. Active learning asks domain experts to label a small set of examples, but there is a cost
incurred for each answer. While transfer learning could borrow labeled examples from a different domain without incurring
any labeling cost, there is no guarantee that the transferred examples will actually help improve the learning accuracy. To
solve both problems, we propose a framework to actively transfer the knowledge across domains, and the key intuition is to
use the knowledge transferred from other domain as often as possible to help learn the current domain, and query experts only
when necessary. To do so, labeled examples from the other domain (out-of-domain) are examined on the basis of their likelihood
to correctly label the examples of the current domain (in-domain). When this likelihood is low, these out-of-domain examples
will not be used to label the in-domain example, but domain experts are consulted to provide class label. We derive a sampling
error bound and a querying bound to demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively mitigate risk of domain difference
by transferring domain knowledge only when they are useful, and query domain experts only when necessary. Experimental studies
have employed synthetic datasets and two types of real world datasets, including remote sensing and text classification problems.
The proposed method is compared with previously proposed transfer learning and active learning methods. Across all comparisons,
the proposed approach can evidently outperform the transfer learning model in classification accuracy given different out-of-domain
datasets. For example, upon the remote sensing dataset, the proposed approach achieves an accuracy around 94.5%, while the
comparable transfer learning model drops to less than 89% in most cases. The software and datasets are available from the
authors.