One of the fundamental assumptions in the multi-locus approach to phylogeographic studies is that unlinked loci have independent
genealogies. For this reason, congruence among gene trees from unlinked loci is normally interpreted as support for the existence
of external forces that may have concordantly shaped the topology of multiple gene trees. However, it is also important to
address and quantify the possibility that gene trees within a given species are all inherently constrained to some degree
by their shared organismal pedigree, and thus in this strict sense are not entirely independent. Here we demonstrate by computer
simulations that gene trees from a shared pedigree tend to display higher topological concordance than do gene trees from
independent pedigrees with the same demographic parameters, but we also show that these constraining effects are normally
minor in comparison to the much higher degree of topological concordance that can routinely emerge from external phylogeographic
shaping forces. The topology-constraining effect of a shared pedigree decreases as effective population size increases, and
becomes almost negligible in a random mating population of more than 1,000 individuals. Moreover, statistical detection of
the pedigree effect requires a relatively large number of unlinked loci that far exceed what is typically used in current
phylogeographic studies. Thus, with the possible exception of extremely small populations, multiple unlinked genes within
a pedigree can indeed be assumed, for most practical purposes, to have independent genealogical histories.
Keywords Dispersal - Gene flow - Genealogy - Phylogeny - Phylogeography - Vicariance