Although Joyce does not explicitly acknowledge the presence of Aristophanes, there are more references to Greek comedy in his fiction than current criticism indicates. Several of Socrates' ridiculous experiments fromThe Clouds pop up inFinnegans Wake. Aubrey Beardsley's illustrations for Samuel Smith's version ofLysistrata inspire a series of thematically pertinent accusations leveled at HCE. Clever uses of bird names and the Olympian emissaries to Cloudcuckooland fromThe Birds, as well as several clusters of distorted play-titles and the signature chant fromThe Frogs also appear in Joyce's final work. References to ancient comedies are worked into “aesthetic” passages inStephen Hero andUlysses. This largely covert deployment of Aristophanic material, all of it thoroughly irreverent and richly comic, is evidence for Joyce's wide and creative range of allusion.