Viscosity
B-coefficients for cesium chloride and lithium sulfate in methanol + water mixtures at 25 and 35 °C are reported. A general
treatment of the quasi-thermodynamics of viscous flow of electrolyte solutions is described. Δ
G
3
Θ
(1→1′), the contribution made to the Gibbs energy of activation of the solution by the influence of the solute on the solvent,
is a function of solute–solvent interactions only; but, Δ
H
3
Θ
(1→1′) and Δ
S
3
Θ
(1→1′) also reflect the solvent–solvent interactions. In aqueous solution all alkali-metal ions except Li
+ are sterically unsaturated, having solvent co-ordination numbers
n<
n
max , the maximum allowed sterically. Such complexes exchange molecules with the solvent more readily than saturated ones and
have energy–reaction co-ordinate diagrams in forms that explain the negative
B or Δ
G
3
Θ
(1→1′) values found in aqueous solution. Saturated complexes are the norm in non-aqueous solvents, and the Δ
G
3
Θ
(1→1′) values are determined mainly by the secondary solvation. Behavior in mixed solvents reflects the transition from aqueous
to non-aqueous behavior across the range of solvent composition.
Keywords Viscosity B-coefficient - Cesium chloride - Lithium sulfate - Methanol - Water - Transition-state theory - Quasi-thermodynamics