Volume 37, Number 6, 727-747, DOI: 10.1007/s10953-008-9271-5

Quasi-thermodynamics of Viscous Flow of Electrolyte Solutions in Aqueous, Non-aqueous and Mixed Aqueous Solvents

David Feakins, Fiona M. Bates and W. Earle Waghorne

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Abstract

Viscosity B-coefficients for cesium chloride and lithium sulfate in methanol + water mixtures at 25 and 35 °C are reported. A general treatment of the quasi-thermodynamics of viscous flow of electrolyte solutions is described. ΔG 3 Θ (1→1′), the contribution made to the Gibbs energy of activation of the solution by the influence of the solute on the solvent, is a function of solute–solvent interactions only; but, ΔH 3 Θ (1→1′) and ΔS 3 Θ (1→1′) also reflect the solvent–solvent interactions. In aqueous solution all alkali-metal ions except Li+ are sterically unsaturated, having solvent co-ordination numbers n<n max , the maximum allowed sterically. Such complexes exchange molecules with the solvent more readily than saturated ones and have energy–reaction co-ordinate diagrams in forms that explain the negative B or ΔG 3 Θ (1→1′) values found in aqueous solution. Saturated complexes are the norm in non-aqueous solvents, and the ΔG 3 Θ (1→1′) values are determined mainly by the secondary solvation. Behavior in mixed solvents reflects the transition from aqueous to non-aqueous behavior across the range of solvent composition.

Keywords  Viscosity B-coefficient - Cesium chloride - Lithium sulfate - Methanol - Water - Transition-state theory - Quasi-thermodynamics

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