Today, the use of computer-assisted methods for the analysis and evaluation of microscopic images is inevitable. The initial task of image processing is to enhance the quality of digital images for further analysis. This optimisation comprises the use of greyscale, contrast, shading correction, specific filtering methods (e.g. sharpness, high pass, low pass, etc.), as well as arithmetic operations (e.g. addition, multiplication, logic operation). This chapter also reviews methods that are used to quantitatively determine specific image information, such as relative composition, particle size, interparticle distance, intensity profile, etc. Special image analysis procedures for the determination of periodicities in micrographs (such as the orientations of structural details, long periods, domain thicknesses, etc.) involve the use of Fourier analysis. The chapter also describes the application of stereoscopic imaging to show the topography of the sample surface, e.g. in scanning electron microscopy or optical microscopy.