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Reciprocity in the shadow of threat

Raul CarusoContact Information

(1)  Institute of Economic Policy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A.Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy

Published online: 28 November 2007

Abstract  This paper considers a partial equilibrium model of conflict where two agents differently evaluate a contested stake. Differently from common contest models, agents have the option of choosing a second instrument to affect the outcome of the conflict. The second instrument is assumed to capture positive investments in ‘conflict management’—labeled as ‘talks’. The focus is on the asymmetry in the evaluation of the stake: whenever the asymmetry in the evaluation of the stake is large there is no room for cooperation and a conflict trap emerges; whenever the degree of asymmetry falls within a critical interval, cooperation seems to emerge only in the presence of a unilateral concession; as the evaluations of the stake converge, only reciprocal concessions can sustain cooperation. Finally the concept of entropy is applied to measure conflict and conflict management.

Keywords  Conflict - Contest - Conflict management - Concessions - Reciprocity - Asymmetry in evaluation - Statistical entropy - Cooperation - Integrative systems - ‘Guns’ and ‘talks’


JEL Classification  D7 - D74 - D61 - D64 - F59 - H56


Contact Information Raul Caruso
Email: raul.caruso@unicatt.it

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