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Reciprocity in the shadow of threat
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Reciprocity in the shadow of threat
Raul Caruso1 
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Institute of Economic Policy, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A.Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy |
Published online: 28 November 2007
Abstract This paper considers a partial equilibrium model of conflict where two agents differently evaluate a contested stake. Differently
from common contest models, agents have the option of choosing a second instrument to affect the outcome of the conflict.
The second instrument is assumed to capture positive investments in ‘conflict management’—labeled as ‘talks’. The focus is
on the asymmetry in the evaluation of the stake: whenever the asymmetry in the evaluation of the stake is large there is no
room for cooperation and a conflict trap emerges; whenever the degree of asymmetry falls within a critical interval, cooperation
seems to emerge only in the presence of a unilateral concession; as the evaluations of the stake converge, only reciprocal
concessions can sustain cooperation. Finally the concept of entropy is applied to measure conflict and conflict management.
Keywords Conflict - Contest - Conflict management - Concessions - Reciprocity - Asymmetry in evaluation - Statistical entropy - Cooperation - Integrative systems - ‘Guns’ and ‘talks’
JEL Classification D7 - D74 - D61 - D64 - F59 - H56
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