Extraction of Ca²⁺ from the O₂-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) membranes with 2 M NaCl in the light (PSII(–Ca/NaCl)) results in 90% inhibition of the O₂-evolution reaction. However, electron transfer from the donor to acceptor side of PSII, measured as the reduction of the exogenous acceptor 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) under continuous light, is inhibited by only 30%. Thus, calcium extraction from the OEC inhibits the synthesis of molecular O₂ but not the oxidation of a substrate we term X, the source of electrons for DCIP reduction. The presence of electron transfer across PSII(–Ca/NaCl) membranes was demonstrated using fluorescence induction kinetics, a method that does not require an artificial acceptor. The calcium chelator, EGTA (5 mM), when added to PSII(–Ca/NaCl) membranes, does not affect the inhibition of O₂ evolution by NaCl but does inhibit DCIP reduction up to 92% (the reason why electron transport in Ca²⁺-depleted materials has not been noticed before). Another chelator, sodium citrate (citrate/low pH method of calcium extraction), also inhibits both O₂ evolution and DCIP reduction. The role of all buffer components (including bicarbonate and sucrose) as possible sources of electrons for PSII(–Ca/NaCl) membranes was investigated, but only the absence of chloride anions strongly inhibited the rate of DCIP reduction. Substitution of other anions for chloride indicates that Cl⁻ serves its well-known role as an OEC cofactor, but it is not substrate X. Multiple turnover flash experiments have shown a period of four oscillations of the fluorescence yield (both the maximum level, F _max, and the fluorescence level measured 50 s after an actinic flash in the presence of DCMU) in native PSII membranes, reflecting the normal function of the OEC, but the absence of oscillations in PSII(–Ca/NaCl) samples. Thus, PSII(–Ca/NaCl) samples do not evolve O₂ but do transfer electrons from the donor to acceptor sides and exhibit a disrupted S-state cycle. We explain these results as follows. In Ca²⁺-depleted PSII membranes, obtained without chelators, the oxidation of the OEC stops after the absorption of three quanta of light (from the S1 state), which should convert the native OEC to the S4 state. An one-electron oxidation of the water molecule bound to the Mn cluster then occurs (the second substrate water molecule is absent due to the absence of calcium), and the OEC returns to the S3 state. The appearance of a sub-cycle within the S-state cycle between S3-like and S4-like states supplies electrons (substrate X is postulated to be OH⁻), explains the absence of O₂ production, and results in the absence of a period of four oscillation of the normal functional parameters, such as the fluorescence yield or the EPR signal from S2. Chloride anions probably keep the redox potential of the Mn cluster low enough for its oxidation by Y_Z^•.