The effects of an agonist (D-cycloserine) and an antagonist (dizocilpine) of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on the learning and extinction of a conditioned passive avoidance response were studied in mice with low, intermediate, and high levels of anxiety. In intermediate-anxiety mice, D-cycloserine (30 mg/kg) had no effect on learning but accelerated extinction, while dizocilpine (0.15 mg/kg) degraded acquisition of the reflex but delayed extinction. In high-anxiety mice, with good learning and no extinction, D-cycloserine had no effect, while dizocilpine decreased learning and facilitated retention of performance of the memory trace at the ongoing level in conditions promoting extinction. In low-anxiety mice, D-cycloserine degraded learning and accelerated extinction, while dizocilpine completely blocked learning and the retention of the passive avoidance response.