Monitoring of an environment in river basins of Syr-Darya, Amu Darya, and their inflows started in 2002 according to the international agreement of scientists of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the USA. Great volume of experimental data on salt content of water, total alpha-beta-activity concentrations, and radionuclide composition of water samples, bottom sediments, and coastal soils was obtained. At the same time more than 28 elements were determined in these samples by using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Data analysis showed that the distribution of total alphabeta- activity correlates with the distribution of radionuclides, but they show that there are additional technogenic sources of heavy radionuclides.