The primitive cercopithecidProhylobates is known only from the (middle?) Orleanian sites of Moghara (Egypt) and Zelten (Libya). No cercopithecid is known from north Africa during the Astaracian and Vallesian periods.Macaca (or a closely allied form) appears in the (late?) Turolian of Sahabi (Libya) and Menacer (Algeria) where it is associated with colobines.Macaca persists into the Pliocene (Wadi Natrun, Egypt; Garaet Ichkeul; Ain Brimba) but apparently disappears before the end of this period, and is absent from north Africa until the middle Pleistocene (Ain Mefta).Theropithecus is known from a single tooth from the upper Pliocene of Ain Jourdel, and from several jaws from the middle Pleistocene of Ternifine (c. 0.7 m.y.) and Thomas Quarry III (c. 0.4 m.y.) in Algeria.