The Carpathian Basin, with diverse volcanic parent materials, age of rocks, type of vegetation and climatic conditions, is an excellent field within a small region to study the main influences of soil development on volcanic material. At ustic/xeric moisture regime, independently from the type of the rock (ignimbrite, andesite, basalt) Phaeozems and Cambisols develop. At ustic and udic moisture regimes, both on pyroxene andesite and basalt, Umbrisols develop. Under udic moisture regime, above 1000 m elevation, on pyroxene andesite in Romania and Slovakia, Andosols can develop. In a topo-sequence on pyroxene andesite, under udic moisture regime, between 700–1000 m, Cambisols or Luvisols dominate, but Andosols, sometimes with spodic features from 1000 to 1800 m elevation.