In this paper, we consider the representation of temporal data based on tuple and attribute timestamping. We identify the
requirements of temporal data and elaborate on their implications. We introduce a temporal relational data model where N1NF
relations with 1-level of nesting are used. This model uses attribute timestamping. For this model, nested relational tuple
calculus (TRC) and equivalent temporal relational algebra (TRA) are defined. We follow a comparative approach towards completeness
of temporal query languages. In this direction, we use TRC as a metric and identify common temporal operations.
Material in Sections 2–4, except the proof of Proposition 3, and Section 5 appeared in the references [17] and [20], respectively.