Volume 15, Number 2, 169-176, DOI: 10.1007/BF00995676

Confusions about context in the judgment of facial expression: A reply to “the contempt expression and the relativity thesis”

Paul Ekman, Maureen O'Sullivan and David Matsumoto

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Abstract

A recent study of the effect of context in the judgment of contempt facial expression (Russell, 1991) was flawed by several confusions about what constitutes context. We argue that the context used should have ecological validity, through the use of many, rather than a few, facial expressions, which are spontaneous rather than posed, and which are judged by carefully selected judgment tasks, using clearly defined or well-understood emotional terms. The confusion in Russell's work between accuracy studies and agreement studies is also addressed.
Paul Ekman's work is supported by a Research Scientist Award from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 06092). David Matsumoto's research is supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 42749).

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