In the past few decades, our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying retinal vasoproliferation has increased greatly (see Chapters 2, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3). While vasoproliferation was once considered to be mainly a consequence of ischemia, current evidence also supports a contribution of inflammatory mechanisms. Inflammation is also highly related to vascular leakage in diseases that are known to result in retinal and macular edema. Recently, inflammatory mechanisms have gained interest with respect to the retinal pathology following ischemia, as well as in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and sickle cell retinopathy (see Chapter 27.1). In this chapter, the discussion will focus on the published data relating to the inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic retinal diseases such as DR. The definition of inflammation in this setting is the involvement of any leukocyte-mediated pathology in the course of the disease.