In this paper we present, first, a brief summary of the historical development of the main components of contemporary international environmental agreements. Next, we argue, based on the examples of a few recent international agreements concerning environment and health, that the procedures established in the framework of these agreements provide a solid international base for stable and effective scientific, industrial and political cooperation. Later, we identify some of the present and future problems and difficulties that should be addressed. In the final section we underline several points that have been shown to be relevant to ensure fair and effective action through international agreements on global issues of environment and public health. In conclusion, the paper argues for strengthening the dialogue, and the extent of transdisciplinary research, between the scientific community and policy makers in order to develop synergies from various areas of knowledge to address complex environmental issues and to coordinate effective tools to mitigate the impact of anthropocentric activities.