Although a knowledge of bioactive substances found in plants and used traditionally as pesticides and medicines is important, the value of these traditions is difficult to assess without having further information on the preparation and production of the active ingredients. An overview is presented on the role of traditional medicines in national development, and the present status of these medicines. In addition, information is presented on the plants that are traditionally used in pest control, together with a review of the main bioactive compounds in plants used traditionally as pesticides and medicines.