This paper tested the deep-level reasoning questions effect in the domains of computer literacy between eighth and tenth graders
and Newtonian physics for ninth and eleventh graders. This effect claims that learning is facilitated when the materials are
organized around questions that invite deep-reasoning. The literature indicates that vicarious learners in college student
populations show greater pretest to posttest learning gains when presented with deep-level reasoning questions before each
content sentence, than when deep-level questions are omitted, or when learners interact with an intelligent tutoring system.
This effect holds for vicarious learners across grade levels and domains.
Keywords Vicarious learning - Deep-level reasoning questions - Questions and learning - Randomized classroom research - Physics - Computer literacy