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Citation frequency: A biased measure of research impact significantly influenced by the geographical origin of research articles
| Journal | Scientometrics |
| Publisher | Akadémiai Kiadó, co-published with Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers B.V. |
| ISSN | 0138-9130 (Print) 1588-2861 (Online) |
| Issue | Volume 70, Number 1 / January, 2007 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s11192-007-0109-5 |
| Pages | 153-165 |
| Subject Collection | Computer Science |
| SpringerLink Date | Monday, January 15, 2007 |
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Citation frequency: A biased measure of research impact significantly influenced by the geographical origin of research articles
Gerard Pasterkamp1  , Joris I. Rotmans1, Dominique V. P. de Kleijn1 and Cornelius Borst1
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Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Heidelberglaan 100, Room G02-523, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands |
Received: 25 May 2006
Abstract
Context. The use of citation frequency and impact factor as measures of research quality and journal prestige is being criticized.
Citation frequency is augmented by self-citation and for most journals the majority of citations originate from a minority
of papers. We hypothesized that citation frequency is also associated with the geographical origin of the research publication.
Objective. We determined whether citations originate more frequently from institutes that are located in the same country as the authors
of the cited publication than would be expected by chance.
Design. We screened citations referring to 1200 cardiovascular publications in the 7 years following their publication. For the
1200 citation recipient publications we documented the country where the research originated (9 countries/regions) and the
total number of received citations. For a selection of 8864 citation donor papers we registered the country/region where the
citing paper originated.
Results. Self-citation was common in cardiovascular journals (n = 1534, 17.8%). After exclusion of self-citation, however, the number
of citations that originated from the same country as the author of the citation recipient was found to be on average 31.6%
higher than would be expected by chance (p<0.01 for all countries/regions). In absolute numbers, nation oriented citation
bias was most pronounced in the USA, the country with the largest research output (p<0.001).
Conclusion. Citation frequency was significantly augmented by nation oriented citation bias. This nation oriented citation behaviour
seems to mainly influence the cumulative citation number for papers originating from the countries with a larger research
output.
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