The EU has pursued protectionist policies not merely in food but also in manufacturing at the customs union level. In services
it has not dismantled much of the existing national protectionism. The economic costs are calculated here at some 3% of GDP
for the UK and some 2% for the rest of the EU. Added to its social interventionism, these costs suggest that the EU has put
political integration before economic efficiency.
Keywords protectionism - manufactures - anti-dumping - tariff equivalent - customs union - competition
This paper draws heavily on my book with Vidya Mahambare and Eric Nowell (Minford et al., 2005). I am grateful for helpful
comments to Kim Huynh, Michele Fratianni and other participants at the IU 2006 conference in Fratianni’s honour. I contributed
this paper in recognition of many pleasurable discussions with Michele over the years on this and many other topics.
JEL Classification Numbers: F13, F14