The encounter of bubble pairs of O(1 mm) in both pure water and aqueous surfactant solutions was studied experimentally. In pure water, two equally sized bubbles were found to coalesce if the Weber number, W =
V
2 R/
, based on the velocity of approach, V, was below a critical value, W
cr = 0.18, where
and
are the density and surface tension of the liquid respectively and R the equivalent radius of the bubbles. After coalescence bubbles perform volume and shape oscillations.
When W
cr is exceeded, bubbles bounce. After bouncing, bubbles can either coalesce or separate without coalescing. This was found to depend on the Weber number, based on the rise velocity U, We =
U
2 R/
. If this number was below a critical value, bubbles coalesced after bouncing. The relative motion of the bubbles was found to be damped out by acoustic damping due to surface oscillations rather then by viscosity.
If We was above a critical value, which was close to that for path instability of a single bubble (We = 3.3), the bubbles separated after bouncing. This is probably caused by shedding of vortices which dominate the relative motion of the bubbles. This mechanism may cause bubbles in bubbly flows
not
aggregating in horizontal planes, as was found in calculations based on potential flow theory. For modelling bubbly flows it will therefore be essential to incorporate the influence of vorticity.
When surfactants are added to the water it was found that bubbles are prevented to coalesce above a critical concentration, which is nearly identical to that of single rising bubbles. Above this critical concentration, bubbles behave as rigid spheres and trajectories cannot be predicted by potential flow theory.
bubbles - high Reynolds number - pure water - surfactants - bouncing - coalescence