Although thousands of in vitro selection and evolution experiments have been performed to seek different types of targets,
most of them have only inspected the terminal evolutionary pool for patterns. In addition, to rapidly obtain the most favorable
target, many experiments have been carried out under increasing selection pressure. However, increasing selection pressure
seldom occurs in natural evolution. We studied the dynamic features of DNA in vitro evolution in the presence of the Mnt repressor
under sequential constant selection pressure. When evolving under a constant pressure from an initial random pool of DNA,
our system showed a clear, sharp, and reproducible crossover from a random population to an advantageous population (higher
binding affinities of DNA sequences to the Mnt repressor). This crossover occurs after a long latent period during which there
are no obvious changes in the population phenotype. We demonstrated that the existence of the crossover is caused by a significant
sequence-nonspecific binding in the repressor–DNA system. After the crossover, the population settled in a stationary distribution
of genotypes, which responded immediately to a subsequent sudden increase in selection pressure. We also experimentally tested
the linear correlation between the evolution speed and sequence diversity (Fisher’s theorem) in our system.
Keywords Binding energy - Dynamics - In vitro evolution - Mnt repressor - Selection pressure
X. Yang and X. Liu contributed equally to this work.