Theoretical models suggest that child behaviors influence parenting behaviors, and specifically that unpleasant child behaviors
coerce parents to discontinue engaging in appropriate discipline. This study examined reciprocal relationships between parenting
behaviors (supervision, communication, involvement, timid discipline and harsh punishment) and child disruptive disorder symptoms
(ADHD, ODD and CD) in a clinic-referred sample of 177 boys. Annual measures, including structured clinical interviews, were
obtained from the beginning of the study (when boys were between the ages of 7 to 12) to age 17. Specific reciprocal influence
was observed; only timid discipline predicted worsening behavior, namely ODD symptoms, and ODD symptoms predicted increases
in timid discipline. Greater influence from child behaviors to parenting practices was found: ODD also predicted poorer communication
and decreased involvement, and CD predicted poorer supervision. ADHD was neither predictive of, nor predicted by, parenting
behaviors. The results are specifically supportive of a coercive process between child behaviors and parenting behaviors,
and generally suggestive of greater influence of child behaviors on parenting behaviors than of parenting behaviors on child
behaviors
Keywords Disruptive behavior - Oppositional defiant disorder - Conduct disorder - Attention deficit hyperactivity - Disorder - Parenting behavior - Coercion