This article concerns the “topography” of the Left Periphery, in particular, the syntactic distribution of
how-questions across languages and their corresponding semantic interpretations. Causal
wh and reason
wh are analyzed as sentential operators in the left periphery, which scope over the entire IP and take the corresponding event/state
as their complements. By contrast, manner and instrumental
wh’s are both analyzed as
vP-modifiers, which translate into restrictive predicates of the underlying event argument associated with the peripheral area
of
vP. These
wh-expressions differ dramatically with respect to their behavior towards locality principles. On the one hand, only instrumental
wh, but not manner
wh, may escape from strong island effects and weak intervention effects. On the other, they both observe strong intervention
effects, triggered by negation and A-not-A questions. It is suggested that this apparent paradox can be solved by a generalized
version of Relativized Minimality proposed in Rizzi (Structures and beyond.
The cartography of syntactic structures. Oxford University Press, New York, 2004).
Keywords Left periphery -
Wh-adverbs -
How-why alternations - Syntax–semantics interface intervention effects - Relativized minimality - Cartographic approach